Question 1

How are humans different from other mammals in their decision-making abilities?

Accepted Answer

•All mammals have the dopamine system,which gives them an ability to seek things that are rewarding and avoid things that are harmful.
•However,humans have a greatly expanded prefrontal cortex compared with other mammals,so they have an enhanced capacity to reflect on their circumstances and to select actions other than what their more primitive brain systems would urge them to do.
•The ventromedial portion of the human prefrontal cortex is also greatly expanded compared with other mammals,which might play a particularly important role in self-regulation of decisions (e.g. ,diet plans).

Question 2

Greene et al.(2001) found that the _____ is activated when one considers a personal dilemma.

Accepted Answer

A)   hippocampus
B)   nucleus accumbens
C)   parietal cortex
D)   ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 3

German students do better than American students in judging the population of American cities.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

What is a descriptive model? A prescriptive model?

Accepted Answer

•A descriptive model specifies...

Question 5

You are the mayor of a city.You have received word of an imminent attack that has the potential to destroy the entire town.Your best architect builds a shelter,but he cannot gather enough supplies.He tells you that the shelter can safely accommodate 200 of the town's 800 citizens.If you allow all 800 citizens into the shelter,there is a one-fourth probability that all will be saved,but a three-fourths probability that the supplies will run out and no one will be saved.You decide to hold an emergency town meeting to have the townspeople vote on what to do.Based on what you know about framing effects,how will they vote?

Accepted Answer

A)   They will vote to shelter 200 of the 800 citizens.
B)   They will vote to shelter all 800 citizens.
C)   The options are mathematically equivalent;both options will be voted for equally.
D)   Framing effects will not influence their vote.

Question 6

A(n) _____ probability is the probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence.

Accepted Answer

A)   anterior
B)   conditional
C)   posterior
D)   prior D

Question 7

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is:

Accepted Answer

A)   absent in apes.
B)   larger in apes than in humans.
C)   smaller in apes than in humans.
D)   of equal size in apes and in humans.

Question 8

Choosing among alternatives in proportion to their success is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   framing effects.
B)   probability matching.
C)   subjective probability.
D)   subjective utility.

Question 9

The difference between $15 and $10 seems greater than the difference between $125 and $120.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   base-rate neglect.
B)   framing effects.
C)   subjective probability.
D)   subjective utility.

Question 10

In the Iowa gambling task,participants with ventromedial damage:

Accepted Answer

A)   seem more emotionally engaged in card selection than do normal individuals.
B)   seem less emotionally engaged in card selection than do normal individuals.
C)   respond faster,but with greater inaccuracy compared with normal individuals.
D)   respond slower,but with greater inaccuracy compared with normal individuals.

Question 11

Describe the methods and findings of the Edwards (1968)study on conservatism.

Accepted Answer

•Edwards (1968)presented participants wi...

Question 12

Shafir (1993) asked participants to play the role of the judge in a divorce case in which both parents are seeking custody.Parent A has an average income,average health,average working hours,reasonable rapport with the child,and a relatively stable social life.Parent B has an above-average income,minor health problems,lots of work-related travel,a very close relation with the child,and an extremely active social life.To whom were the participants more likely to deny custody?

Accepted Answer

A)   Parent A
B)   Parent B
C)   Males were more likely to vote for parent A;females were more likely to vote for parent B.
D)   No significant trends were found.

Question 13

Bayes's theorem is based on:

Accepted Answer

A)   conjecture.
B)   experimental evidence.
C)   logical syllogisms.
D)   probability.

Question 14

Greene et al.(2001) found that the _____ is activated when one considers an impersonal dilemma.

Accepted Answer

A)   hippocampus
B)   nucleus accumbens
C)   parietal cortex
D)   ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 15

Which sequence of 10 coin tosses is MOST likely (H denotes heads and T denotes tails) ? (1) H T H T H T H T H T
(2) H H T H T H T T T H
(3) T T T T T T T T T T

Accepted Answer

A)   Sequence 1 is most likely.
B)   Sequence 2 is most likely.
C)   Sequence 3 is most likely.
D)   Each sequence is equally likely.

Question 16

Tversky and Kahneman (1974) found that participants:

Accepted Answer

A)   accurately judged that there are more words that begin with k than have k in the third position.
B)   accurately judged that there are more words that have k in the third position than begin with k.
C)   inaccurately judged that there are more words that begin with k than have k in the third position.
D)   inaccurately judged that there are more words that have k in the third position than begin with k.

Question 17

Bayes's theorem specifies how to:

Accepted Answer

A)   combine the prior probability with the conditional probabilities to determine the posterior probability.
B)   combine the prior probability with the posterior probability to determine the conditional probabilities.
C)   combine the conditional probabilities with the posterior probability to determine the prior probabilities.
D)   derive the posterior probability and the prior probability from the conditional probabilities.

Question 18

Compared with older adults,adolescents often perceive _____ danger from risky behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)   more
B)   less
C)   an equal amount of
D)   no A

Question 19

According to Kahneman and Tversky (1984) subjective probabilities are not identical with objective probabilities.In the function they calculated to describe this relationship,which part of the curve is overweighted?

Accepted Answer

A)   very high objective probabilities
B)   very high subjective probabilities
C)   very low objective probabilities
D)   very low subjective probabilities

Question 20

How are the dopamine system and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in decision making?

Accepted Answer

•Dopamine activity in the nucl...

Exam 11: Decision Making

How are humans different from other mammals in their decision-making abilities?

Greene et al.(2001) found that the _____ is activated when one considers a personal dilemma.

Correct Answer
verified

German students do better than American students in judging the population of American cities.

Correct Answer
verified

What is a descriptive model? A prescriptive model?

Correct Answer
verified
•A descriptive model specifies...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

A(n) _____ probability is the probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence.

Correct Answer
verified
D

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is:

Correct Answer
verified

Choosing among alternatives in proportion to their success is called:

Correct Answer
verified

The difference between $15 and $10 seems greater than the difference between $125 and $120.This is an example of:

Correct Answer
verified

In the Iowa gambling task,participants with ventromedial damage:

Correct Answer
verified

Describe the methods and findings of the Edwards (1968)study on conservatism.

Correct Answer
verified
•Edwards (1968)presented participants wi...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Bayes's theorem is based on:

Correct Answer
verified

Greene et al.(2001) found that the _____ is activated when one considers an impersonal dilemma.

Correct Answer
verified

Which sequence of 10 coin tosses is MOST likely (H denotes heads and T denotes tails) ? (1) H T H T H T H T H T (2) H H T H T H T T T H (3) T T T T T T T T T T

Correct Answer
verified

Tversky and Kahneman (1974) found that participants:

Correct Answer
verified

Bayes's theorem specifies how to:

Correct Answer
verified

Compared with older adults,adolescents often perceive _____ danger from risky behaviors.

Correct Answer
verified
A

According to Kahneman and Tversky (1984) subjective probabilities are not identical with objective probabilities.In the function they calculated to describe this relationship,which part of the curve is overweighted?

Correct Answer
verified

How are the dopamine system and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in decision making?

Correct Answer
verified
•Dopamine activity in the nucl...
View Answer

Exam 11: Decision Making

How are humans different from other mammals in their decision-making abilities?

Greene et al.(2001) found that the _____ is activated when one considers a personal dilemma.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

German students do better than American students in judging the population of American cities.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is a descriptive model? A prescriptive model?

Correct Answerverified•A descriptive model specifies...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A(n) _____ probability is the probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence.

Correct AnswerverifiedD

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Choosing among alternatives in proportion to their success is called:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The difference between $15 and $10 seems greater than the difference between $125 and $120.This is an example of:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the Iowa gambling task,participants with ventromedial damage:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the methods and findings of the Edwards (1968)study on conservatism.

Correct Answerverified•Edwards (1968)presented participants wi...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bayes's theorem is based on:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Greene et al.(2001) found that the _____ is activated when one considers an impersonal dilemma.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which sequence of 10 coin tosses is MOST likely (H denotes heads and T denotes tails) ? (1) H T H T H T H T H T (2) H H T H T H T T T H (3) T T T T T T T T T T

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Tversky and Kahneman (1974) found that participants:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bayes's theorem specifies how to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compared with older adults,adolescents often perceive _____ danger from risky behaviors.

Correct AnswerverifiedA

According to Kahneman and Tversky (1984) subjective probabilities are not identical with objective probabilities.In the function they calculated to describe this relationship,which part of the curve is overweighted?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How are the dopamine system and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in decision making?

Correct Answerverified•Dopamine activity in the nucl...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct Answer
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•A descriptive model specifies...
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D

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•Edwards (1968)presented participants wi...
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•Dopamine activity in the nucl...
View Answer