A) People sometimes judge an object to be in a category despite the fact that it has virtually no resemblance to other objects in that category.
B) Resemblance plays a key role in the use of prototypes but plays no role in the well-documented use of exemplars.
C) Resemblance is typically determined by relatively superficial perceptual features, but sometimes categorization depends on deeper essential properties of the category.
D) In order to make judgments according to resemblance, we must be guided by other beliefs about which properties matter; otherwise, our judgments of resemblance may be guided by irrelevant attributes of the object.
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A) Whales are more typical of fish than sea lampreys.
B) A squashed lemon that has been painted purple is more typical of fruit than an apple.
C) A poodle is more typical of a dog than a golden retriever.
D) Abraham Lincoln is a typical American president.
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A) if asked simply to describe an object, participants are likely to use the basic-level term.
B) basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word.
C) basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions.
D) basic-level terms are acquired by children at a younger age than either more specific or more general terms.
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A) be identical to the active areas for animate objects.
B) be different from the active areas for animate objects.
C) be localized to one hemisphere, while animate objects will be in the same region in the other hemisphere.
D) occasionally match the area for animate objects, depending on the nature of the inanimate object.
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A) each person has his or her own idea about how concepts should be defined.
B) many of our abstract concepts (e.g., justice, love, God) are difficult to define.
C) it is easy to find exceptions to any proposed definition.
D) most of our concepts are difficult to express in words.
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A) the standard used in a particular category can vary from one occasion to the next.
B) one categorizes objects by comparing them to a mentally represented standard.
C) categorization depends on a judgment of resemblance.
D) categories are represented in the mind by a single relatively concrete illustration of the category.
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A) ideal for a category.
B) average of various category members.
C) same for every person.
D) central tendency (middle) of all category members.
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A) number of nodes.
B) size of connections between nodes.
C) strength of connections between nodes.
D) number of connections between nodes.
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A) larger birds (e.g., hawk, owl) .
B) distinctive birds (e.g., vulture, penguin) .
C) birds associated with other familiar concepts (e.g., turkey, bald eagle) .
D) birds resembling the prototype (e.g., robin, sparrow) .
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A) It may categorize a bat as a type of bird.
B) We use it when we are particularly concerned about accuracy.
C) It emphasizes the resemblance of an object to the superficial features of a prototype.
D) It allows efficiency even if this implies a risk of occasional error.
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A) prototype.
B) single remembered instance of the category.
C) definition.
D) mental image.
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A) the definition of each category.
B) feature overlap among the members of a category.
C) the necessary conditions for membership in a category.
D) the sufficient conditions for membership in a category.
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A) both theories require the triggering of a memory.
B) both theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined.
C) both theories require a judgment of resemblance.
D) conclusions for both processes are based on resemblance.
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A) Information can be searched for equally quickly across all levels of the network.
B) It is efficient because information is stored only once.
C) Information is stored repeatedly to ensure accuracy.
D) Information is organized according to use, so that more common representations can be accessed more quickly.
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A) depend on a judgment of typicality.
B) are not settled entirely by an assessment of typicality.
C) rely on comparing the example to a prototype.
D) do not conform to the requirements of a definition.
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A) Among other tasks, this task provides evidence for the use of prototypes in categories.
B) Participants often have a wide range of birds in mind when generating these sentences.
C) Future participants will judge modified sentences where the name of a nonprototypical bird is substituted for the word "bird" as ridiculous.
D) The sensibility of a sentence is usually unchanged if the name of a prototypical bird is substituted for the word "bird."
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A) with propositions.
B) with prepositions.
C) in different parts of the brain.
D) in a linear fashion.
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