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Exam 1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

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Question 1

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Why are adult stem cells an ideal system for cell replacement therapies?

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Adult stem cells can be isolated directly from the patient,grown in culture,and reintroduced back into the same patient reducing the risk of rejection of the injected cells and the resultant tissue.

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Why are viruses not considered by most biologists to be living organisms?

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In order to reproduce,they mus...

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How have investigators been able to improve the situation of golden retrievers suffering from an inherited disease very similar to the human skeletal-muscle disorder muscular dystrophy? What are isolated stem cells present in adult skeletal muscle called?

A ______________ is used to reveal the detailed internal structure of cells.

Cells grown in culture,outside the body are called ________ cells.They have become an essential tool of cell and molecular biologists.

Wilhelm Roux performed an experiment in which he allowed a frog embryo to divide into two cells.He then killed one of the cells with a hot needle,but did not separate the cell he had killed from the remaining cell.The embryo developed abnormally,leading Roux to conclude that the cells in a developing embryo have their developmental potential restricted at each division,even the first.Driesch and others demonstrated that separation of cells in a number of embryos resulted in the development of two smaller,but normal,embryos.Which of these investigators is most likely to have made a procedural error in his experimental design and what was it?

You study two populations of mice,a lean population and an obese population.You measure the calories released from digested food by the microorganisms in the microbiomes isolated from the digestive tracts of the two mouse populations.One of the microbiomes releases significantly more calories than the other.Which microbiome would be likely to release significantly more calories? What significance might this have for human health?

Viruses like adenovirus,which causes respiratory infections in mammals,have a 20-sided polyhedral capsid.What is this polyhedral shape called?

What is the difference between bone marrow transplantation and blood transfusion?

Potato spindle-tuber disease,which causes potatoes to become gnarled and cracked,is caused by an infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that totally lacks a protein coat.These infectious agents are thought to exert their effects by interfering with the cell's normal path of gene expression.Such an infectious agent is known as a(n) __________.

The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is present in a _________,a poorly demarcated region of the cell that lacks a boundary membrane to separate it from the surrounding cytoplasm.

The first culture of human cells was begun by George and Martha Gey of Johns Hopkins University in 1951) .The cells were obtained from a malignant tumor and named ______ cells after the donor,_________.

You are studying a virus.It has an icosahedral protein capsid and is surrounded by a lipid-containing envelope.What kind of organism does the virus infect?

Why is it hoped that transplantation of stem cells may help humans who have heart disease?

Which of the following are considered to be eukaryotes?

Who is generally credited with the discovery of cells?

Which cells in the pancreas produce the enzymes responsible for digestion of food in the intestine? What do pancreatic beta cells do? What treatment was used to cause the reprogramming of pancreatic acinar cells into pancreatic beta cells? How did the researchers know that the transdifferentiation had,in fact,occurred and resulted in the production of more pancreatic beta cells? Why is the use of adenoviruses to deliver the genes in this experiment less of a risk in humans than using some other viruses would be?

What is the endosymbiont theory?

What advantage in cell replacement therapy do adult stem cells have over ES cells? What disadvantage do these same cells have relative to ES stem cells?

What cells are likely to be the first used in human trials using ES cells for cell replacement therapy and what do these cells do? What have researchers had to do to get these cells to differentiate in culture? What happened when these human cells were transplanted into rats with paralyzing spinal cord injuries?