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Exam 37: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

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Question 21

Multiple Choice

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A common feature of action potentials is that they

A) cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize.
B) can undergo temporal and spatial summation.
C) are triggered by a depolarization that reaches threshold.
D) move at the same speed along all axons.

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Question 22

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In Figure 37.1, the minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) E.

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Question 23

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In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by

A chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles is

A cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is

Self-propagation and refractory periods are typical of

ATP hydrolysis directly powers the movement of

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the

A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by

Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the

The botulinum toxin inhibits the synaptic release of

Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an IPSP in postsynaptic cell X and an EPSP in postsynaptic cell Y. A likely explanation is that

Researchers injected bark scorpion venom in mouse neurons (both a common house mouse and the southern grasshopper mouse) and measured how many action potentials were generated after the venom was introduced. Their data is shown below. Based on these data, what effect do you think the venom is having on the grasshopper mouse?

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves

The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the

The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1) Neurotransmitters bind with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2) Calcium ions rush into the neuron's cytoplasm. 3) An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the axon terminal. 4) The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5) The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct?

Functionally, which cellular location is the neuron's "decision-making site" as to whether or not an action potential will be initiated?

When several excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations and then depolarize the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example of

Assume that excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of negative chloride ions into "commonsense" neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately and not harm yourself or others. Thus, any resulting poor decisions associated with ethanol ingestion are likely due to

An amino acid that operates at inhibitory synapses in the brain is