Question 1

Within the working-memory system, mental "scratch pads" are available to allow the storage of information soon to be needed but not currently in use. A crucial scratch pad is the:

Accepted Answer

A)   output buffer
B)   executive assistant
C)   response planning system
D)   articulatory rehearsal loop

Question 2

Patients suffering from clinical amnesia are characterized by a disorder in their:

Accepted Answer

A)   memory
B)   ability to recognize patterns
C)   speech
D)   ability to comprehend language

Question 3

Introspection, by definition, CANNOT be used to study:

Accepted Answer

A)   topics that are strongly colored by emotion
B)   mental events that are unconscious
C)   processes that involve conceptual knowledge
D)   events that take a long time to unfold

Question 4

The process of taking observable information and inferring a cause is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   mentalistic inference
B)   transcendental method
C)   cause and effect
D)   introspection

Question 5

Introspection is considered the first step toward cognitive psychology as a science because:

Accepted Answer

A)   it was the first attempt to observe and record the content of mental processes
B)   interpretation of our mental lives requires training
C)   conscious events are just as important as unconscious events
D)   it provided the first testable claims

Question 6

A participant is asked to look within him- or herself and report on his or her own mental processes. This method is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   self-reflection
B)   self-monitoring
C)   introspection
D)   mentalistic study

Question 7

Cognitive psychology relies on evidence from multiple domains (behavioral, neuroscience, trauma, etc.)  because:

Accepted Answer

A)   we cannot see the cognitive processes directly
B)   it's better to have more evidence
C)   converging evidence provides additional opportunities for predictions
D)   other sciences require evidence from many places

Question 8

Which of the following statements about introspection is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is based on opinions, not facts.
B)   It is subjective.
C)   It provides a testable hypothesis.
D)   It was an early form of evidence.

Question 9

Central to research in neuropsychology is:

Accepted Answer

A)   the use of introspection
B)   how brain dysfunctions affect performance
C)   brain development
D)   the use of brain-imaging technology

Question 10

Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to appear in a description of an amnesia patient, such as H.M.?

Accepted Answer

A)   "He cannot remember what he did earlier today, including events that took place just an hour ago."
B)   "He read this story last month, but he was still surprised by how the story turned out."
C)   "Even though he has encountered the nurse many times, he is still unable to recognize her."
D)   "He has gradually adjusted over the last few months to the news of his uncle's death." D

Question 11

Working memory provides one example of how:

Accepted Answer

A)   important memory is to cognition
B)   cognitive processes are essential to all daily tasks
C)   children develop memory
D)   we could not function without a multicomponent system

Question 12

Which of the following statements provides the MOST serious obstacle to the use of introspection as a source of scientific evidence?

Accepted Answer

A)   When facts are provided by introspection, we have no way to assess the facts themselves, independent of the reporter's particular perspective on the facts.
B)   Introspection requires an alert, verbally expressive investigator; otherwise, the evidence provided by introspection will be of poor quality.
C)   Introspection provides evidence about some mental events but cannot provide evidence about unconscious processes or ideas.
D)   The process of reporting on one's own mental events can take a lot of time and can slow down the processes under investigation.

Question 13

The term "introspection" refers to the:

Accepted Answer

A)   process by which one individual seeks to infer the thoughts of another individual
B)   procedure of examining thought processing by monitoring the brain's electrical activity
C)   process of each person looking within, to observe his or her own thoughts and ideas
D)   technique of studying thought by interpreting the symbols used in communication C

Question 14

The multicomponent model of working memory shows that:

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive theories must be accompanied by a model
B)   we can only test things we can physically see
C)   theories are built around testable predictions
D)   evidence from multiple sources often leads to confusion

Question 15

The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A commonplace example of such an inference is a:

Accepted Answer

A)   physicist inferring what the attributes of the electron must be on the basis of visible effects caused by the electron
B)   computer scientist inferring what the attributes of a program must be on the basis of his or her long-range goals for the program's functioning
C)   biologist inferring how an organism is likely to behave in the future on the basis of assessment of past behaviors
D)   behaviorist inferring how a behavior was learned on the basis of a deduction from well-established principles of learning

Question 16

A participant hears the sequence "F, D, P, U, G, Q, R" and then, a moment later, must repeat the sequence aloud. If errors occur in this procedure, they are likely to involve:

Accepted Answer

A)   soundalike confusions; for example, "T" instead of "D"
B)   look-alike confusions; for example, "O" instead of "Q"
C)   confusions with near neighbors in the alphabet; for example, repeating "G" instead of "F"
D)   confusions because of strong associations; for example, "I" instead of "Q" because of the familiarity of "I.Q."

Question 17

Modern psychology turned away from behaviorism in its classic form because:

Accepted Answer

A)   our behavior is routinely determined by our understanding of stimuli
B)   humans are more similar to computers than to other species studied in the laboratory
C)   psychology rejected behaviorism's emphasis on an organism's subjective states
D)   an organism's behavior can be changed by learning A

Question 18

In using the articulatory rehearsal loop, the central executive temporarily relies on storage in:

Accepted Answer

A)   a phonological buffer
B)   episodic memory
C)   a subvocal bank
D)   a visual form in visual memory

Question 19

The great change in cognitive psychology is referred to as a revolution because:

Accepted Answer

A)   the focus changed from behaviors to the processes underlying those behaviors
B)   the change was accompanied by violence
C)   the focus changed from animals to humans
D)   philosophers such as Kant were strongly opposed to the change

Question 20

Historically, the movement known as behaviorism was encouraged by scholars' concerns regarding:

Accepted Answer

A)   psychotherapy
B)   an exaggerated focus on participants' responses
C)   research based on introspection
D)   a focus on brain mechanisms and a corresponding inattention to mental states

Exam 1: The Science of the Mind

Within the working-memory system, mental "scratch pads" are available to allow the storage of information soon to be needed but not currently in use. A crucial scratch pad is the:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Patients suffering from clinical amnesia are characterized by a disorder in their:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Introspection, by definition, CANNOT be used to study:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The process of taking observable information and inferring a cause is known as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Introspection is considered the first step toward cognitive psychology as a science because:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A participant is asked to look within him- or herself and report on his or her own mental processes. This method is called:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cognitive psychology relies on evidence from multiple domains (behavioral, neuroscience, trauma, etc.) because:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements about introspection is NOT true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Central to research in neuropsychology is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to appear in a description of an amnesia patient, such as H.M.?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Working memory provides one example of how:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements provides the MOST serious obstacle to the use of introspection as a source of scientific evidence?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The term "introspection" refers to the:

Correct AnswerverifiedC

The multicomponent model of working memory shows that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A commonplace example of such an inference is a:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A participant hears the sequence "F, D, P, U, G, Q, R" and then, a moment later, must repeat the sequence aloud. If errors occur in this procedure, they are likely to involve:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Modern psychology turned away from behaviorism in its classic form because:

Correct AnswerverifiedA

In using the articulatory rehearsal loop, the central executive temporarily relies on storage in:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The great change in cognitive psychology is referred to as a revolution because:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Historically, the movement known as behaviorism was encouraged by scholars' concerns regarding:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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D

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C

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A

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