A) Bipedal locomotion was more energetically efficient than knuckle walking.
B) Bipedal locomotion resulted in the evolution of larger brains and language.
C) Bipedal locomotion may have helped hominins keep cool in the direct sunshine of the savanna by reducing exposed body surface area.
D) Bipedal locomotion frees the hands for carrying items and harvesting fruits from small trees.
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A) All of the human variation that exists today was derived from the variation that existed in the population of Homo sapiens that first emerged in Africa; there is no evidence of interbreeding with other hominin populations.
B) Very little human variation is derived from what was present in the population of Homo sapiens that first emerged in Africa; a significant amount of variation was introduced after interbreeding with Neanderthals and Denisovans.
C) Human variation is largely derived from what was present in the population of Homo sapiens that first emerged in Africa, but a limited amount of variation has been passed from Neanderthals and Denisovans through interbreeding after Homo sapiens emerged from Africa.
D) Although DNA extraction techniques continue to improve, there are not enough data to provide conclusive evidence about whether modern humans interbred with Neanderthals.
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A) HS, LO, R, LS, F, PD
B) PD, F, LS, R, LO, HS
C) LO, R, LS, F, PD, HS
D) LS, F, PD, HS, LO, R
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A) The fossil evidence was very scant and incomplete.
B) Fossil evidence appeared to show morphological characters intermediate between H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis, but could not determine if that was solely due to interbreeding.
C) Many researchers argue that H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis are the same species, so the fossil evidence is not applicable.
D) Researchers were unable to extract DNA from Neanderthal fossils.
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The multiregional hypothesis suggests th...View Answer
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A) bipedalism and dentition
B) bipedalism and big brains
C) big brains and dentition
D) big brains and tool use
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A) The use of fire increased winter survival, leading to larger populations and greater genetic diversity.
B) The use of fire to cook food (as opposed to eating raw food) provided large energetic stores that are easily consumed and processed; this reduced nutritional challenge led to distinct morphological changes, including a large increase in brain size.
C) The use of fire enabled early hominins to prevent predator attacks, leading to higher survival rates. It also enabled them to clear large tracts of forest in tropical Africa, leading to the increased use of agriculture and a more reliable food supply.
D) Wrangham argues that the use of fire was insignificant in shaping human evolution and that the evolution of more sophisticated tools is what led to more successful hunting and a more reliable, higher-protein food supply. Increased dietary protein led to the evolution of increased brain size.
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About 1.9 million years ago, the hominin...View Answer
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A) the multiregional hypothesis and the out-of-Africa hypothesis, respectively
B) the out-of-Africa hypothesis and the multiregional hypothesis, respectively
C) coexistence of multiple hominins throughout the evolutionary history of Homo sapiens and the existence of a single hominin throughout the evolutionary history of Homo sapiens, respectively
D) the existence of a single hominin throughout the evolutionary history of Homo sapiens and coexistence of multiple hominins throughout the evolutionary history of Homo sapiens, respectively
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