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A soldier who intentionally kills a dangerous enemy combatant most clearly illustrates


A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) group polarization.
D) aggression.

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In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely?


A) girl scouts who must gather wood for a campfire
B) restaurant food servers who are allowed to keep the individual tips they receive
C) executive board members who each receive an equal share of the company profits
D) students working on a group project for which they will all receive the same grade

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Mark obeyed the commands of his military unit officer to engage in destructive behavior that was sharply inconsistent with Mark's ethical values. The discomfort associated with Mark's awareness of the inconsistency between his values and his actions best illustrates


A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) the bystander effect.
D) deindividuation.

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After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates


A) the chameleon effect.
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) social facilitation.

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According to the text, aggression always involves


A) physical damage.
B) anger and hostility.
C) the intent to hurt.
D) a reaction to frustration.

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The level of obedience in the Milgram experiments was highest when the "teacher" was ________ the experimenter and ________ the "learner."


A) at a distance from; at a distance from
B) close to; close to
C) at a distance from; close to
D) close to; at a distance from

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Among the following countries, the percentage of newborn children who are girls is largest in


A) China.
B) India.
C) South Korea.
D) the United States.

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Discrimination is best described as


A) an overgeneralized belief about a group of people.
B) an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people and its members.
C) a feeling of hostility toward a group and its members.
D) the loss of self-restraint in group situations

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The odds of our helping someone are higher when we are in a ________ town and we are feeling ________.


A) small; frustrated
B) large; frustrated
C) small; guilty
D) large; guilty

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Observers' responses to the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment best illustrated


A) the bystander effect.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) group polarization.

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An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of


A) the mere exposure effect.
B) deindividuation.
C) the chameleon effect.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

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Joel's sexually violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic sexual scripts, crowded housing conditions, and abuse of alcohol. A comprehensive understanding of Joel's behavior is most clearly provided by


A) cognitive dissonance theory.
B) the frustration-aggression principle.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) superordinate goals.

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Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts is a central feature of


A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) social facilitation.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) GRIT.

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In atrocious situations such as Zimbardo's simulated prison, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. This best illustrates


A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the interactive influence of persons and situations.

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The fundamental attribution error involves


A) becoming more extreme in one's individual opinions following group discussion.
B) performing a complex task more poorly when in the presence of others.
C) underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior.
D) losing self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

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According to scapegoat theory, prejudice offers an outlet for anger by


A) reducing cognitive dissonance.
B) triggering a loss of self-awareness.
C) providing someone to blame.
D) increasing mirror-image perceptions.

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If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates


A) ingroup bias.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the chameleon effect.

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The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by


A) the increased number of suicides shortly after Marilyn Monroe's highly publicized death.
B) President John F. Kennedy's ill-fated decision to invade Cuba.
C) the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese just outside her New York apartment.
D) the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments.

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People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of


A) the bystander effect.
B) deindividuation.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) cognitive dissonance.

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Attribution theory was designed to account for


A) the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.
B) the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior.
C) the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations.
D) how people explain others' behavior.

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