Exam 14: Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Pregnancy and the First Year of Life

Correct Answer

verified

Of the total weight gained in pregnancy,...

View Answer

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Caffeine crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus, but at what dose and to what it extent it causes harm is controversial. Health Canada currently recommends that women should limit their consumption to 300 mg of caffeine per day from all sources. This is the equivalent of two 250 mL (two 8 fl. oz.) cups of coffee. Higher daily doses of caffeine may slightly increase the risk of miscarriage and low birth weight. In addition to its possible harm to the fetus, caffeine is a diuretic and exacerbates maternal fluid loss.

Correct Answer

verified

While some studies show no protective effect, most have concluded that breastfeeding for longer than three to six months does, in fact, lower rates of child and adult overweight and obesity. The protective effect appears to be greater with exclusive, rather than partial, breastfeeding and how long breastfeeding persists. Reduction of risk of obesity may be due to differences in macronutrient intakes associated with breastmilk versus formula. Formula is higher in both energy and protein, which leads to faster gains in weight and height. Some researchers have also found that the faster, more powerful sucking of formula-fed infants, along with the larger volume they consume at each feeding and the longer interval between feedings, may increase their risk of obesity later in life.

A) milk allergy.
B) dehydration.
C) milk anemia.
D) colic.

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

During the first trimester, a woman shou...

View Answer

Show Answer

A) DHA.
B) vitamin C.
C) folate.
D) fiber.

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) colostrum.
B) prolactin.
C) galactose.
D) oxytocin.

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux disea...

View Answer

Show Answer

A) implantation.
B) conception.
C) parturition.
D) gestation.

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) unpasteurized feta cheese
B) sushi
C) hard-boiled eggs
D) raw bean sprouts

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) The protein in breast milk is easy for the infant to digest.
B) The antibodies and immune factors found in breast milk help to protect the infant from infection.
C) The DHA found in breast milk is essential to the development of the infant's nervous system and retina.
D) The fat in breast milk is difficult for the infant to digest.

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) hindmilk.
B) colostrum.
C) final milk.
D) foremilk.

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

The following foods should never be offered to infants: Foods that could cause choking. Such foods as grapes, hot dogs, nuts, popcorn, raw carrots, raisins, and hard candies cannot be chewed adequately by infants and can cause choking. Corn syrup and honey. These may contain spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. These spores can germinate and grow into viable bacteria in the immature digestive tracts of infants, whereupon they produce a potent toxin that can be fatal. Children older than one year can safely consume these substances because their digestive tracts are mature enough to kill any C. botulinum bacteria. Goat's milk. Goat's milk is notoriously low in many nutrients that infants need, such as folate, vitamin C, and iron. In Canada, goat's milk is fortified with vitamin D. Cow's milk. For children under 1 year, cow's milk is too concentrated in minerals and protein and contains too few carbohydrates to meet infant energy needs. Infants can begin to consume whole cow's milk after the age of 1 year. Infants and toddlers should not be given 1% or 2% partly-skimmed cow's milk before the age of 2, as it does not contain enough fat and is too high in mineral content for the kidneys to handle effectively. Infants should not be given evaporated milk or sweetened condensed milk. Large quantities of fruit juice. Fruit juices are poorly absorbed in the infant digestive tract, causing diarrhea if consumed in excess. Large quantities of fruit juice can make an infant feel full and reject breast milk or formula at feeding time, thus causing him or her to miss out on essential nutrients. It is safe for infants older than 6 months to consume 125 to 250 mL (4 to 8 fl. oz.) of pure fruit juice (no sweeteners added) per day, with no more than 65 to 125 mL (2 to 4 fl. oz.) given at a time; however, plain water will quench an infant's thirst. Diluting fruit juice with water is another option. Too much salt and sugar. Infant foods should not be seasoned with salt or other seasonings. naturally occurring sugars, such as those found in fruits, can provide needed energy. Cookies, cakes, and other excessively sweet, processed foods should be avoided. Too much breast milk or formula. As nutritious as breast milk or formula are, once infants reach the age of 6 months, solid foods should be introduced gradually. Six months of age is a critical time, as it is when a baby's iron stores begin to be depleted and must be replenished with iron from enriched rice cereal. In addition, infants are physically and psychologically ready to incorporate solid foods at this time, and solid foods can help appease their increasing appetites. Between 6 months and the time of weaning (from breast or bottle), solid foods should gradually make up an increasing proportion of the infant's diet.

A) during the first four weeks after conception
B) during the second trimester
C) during the third trimester
D) immediately prior to delivery

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) caffeine
B) bran
C) vitamin C
D) oxalates

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Pica is the name given to an abnormal cr...

View Answer

Show Answer