Piliavin's bystander-calculus model combines:

A) costs to society and costs to the victim.
B) a number of automatic decision-making stages.
C) cognitive and physiological processes.
D) neurological and evolutionary principles.

Bystander-Calculus Model

A theoretical model that explains the decision-making process of bystanders in emergency situations, considering factors like perceived danger and group cohesion.

Cognitive Processes

Cognitive processes involve the mental actions or operations that support learning, understanding, decision-making, and memory, among other intellectual tasks.

Physiological Processes

The functions and activities occurring within living organisms to maintain life.